Extreme-DMEM/F12 Medium, witn NEAA，319-091

Extreme-DMEM/F12 is a uniquely optimized medium based on DMEM/F12, supplemented with non-essential amino acids, sodium pyruvate, ethanolamine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, insulin, transferrin, bovine serum albumin, and various trace elements (including ammonium metavanadate, coppe, sulfate, sodium selenite, and manganese chloride). Extreme-DMEM/F12 medium can reduce fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation by at least 50% without compromising the growth rates of both suspension and adherent cells. This medium uses a sodium bicarbonate buffer system (2.438 g/L) and thus requires a 5-10% CO₂ environment to maintain a physiological pH.